Report on Consumer Behavior of Soft Drinks free essay sample

Requirement for the examination With the financial advancement in India various worldwide organizations have been approaching to put resources into India and tapping maybe and universes greatest developing business sector. As the conduits have been opened up for Multinational Companies, the worldwide goliath Coca-cola additionally chose to make a passage into the Indian market. In India, the per capita utilization of sodas is at absolute bottom level even not exactly our neighboring nations Pakistan and Bangladesh, where it is four fold the amount. The previous summer was especially boiling one, with temperatures hitting the high 40s in certain spots yet; bottles were vanishing from racks quicker than they could be supplanted. In the pinnacle season, they ended up shy of limit and pivoting their trucks quicker and quicker to slake the more noteworthy Indian thirst. With development rates zooming into the twofold digits, bottlers have been moved into extending limits. We will compose a custom exposition test on Report on Consumer Behavior of Soft Drinks or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page With their big deal designs, the multinationals have changed the substance of this business, since a long time ago commanded by little league agents. On the off chance that request keeps on expanding every year at a normal of 20 percent, at that point volumes could arrive at one billion cases inside ten years. 4 These bend eager targets and to contact them the cola producers should assemble limit, framework, make their bottlers progressively accessible and increasingly reasonable. There are 5. 00,000 retailers loading soda pops in India. Additionally, soda pops which retail at anyplace between Rs. 9. 00 and Rs. 12. 00 are costly when estimated against buying power. As they come up with their procedures, watching out for one another constantly, at last theres just one person they need to look out for, who will decide their fortunes: the shopper. The genuine race to extinguish his thirst has quite recently started 5 Objectives of the studyTo learn about the shopper inclination as to soda To learn about the purchaser observation with respect Coca †Cola To comprehend the Promotional Strategies To discover the medium which is best in arriving at the customers? 6 Research system Information will be gathered from an example size 1000 and appropriated over various territories by utilizing basic Random Sampling. Irregular Sampling comprises of 1. Segment Segmentation 2. Sociocultural Segmentation 3. Use-Related Segmentation 4. Use-Situation Segmentation Analysis 1. Information Analysis is done both subjectively and quantitatively. 2. The investigation is introduced pictographically utilizing reference charts The time of the examination is recent year 7 Scope of the investigation The new financial approaches of the Govt. of India embraced in the mid eighties were given further driving force by the mid nineties. The Indian market has experienced impressive changed as an immediate outcome of huge numbers of these strategies and soda industry is no special case to this. Keeping the previously mentioned point of view out of sight, the scientist has chosen soda pop market, since the advertising task his turned out to be all the more testing and serious rivalry has opened up new vistas. Organizations are advancing promoting procedures by examining the requests of the commercial center progressively infiltrating into proper market sections acquainting separated items with improve their piece of the pie. The soda pop market has accomplished a quickened development in the previous decade. Soda pops incorporate trouble sorts of non liquor carbonated seasoned or in any case improved refreshments. The section of Pepsi and the reemergence of Coca Cola in the India advertise bend definitely confronting firm rivalry however a definitive champ is client/customer. This has driven the analyst to contemplate me view of customers towards various brands of soda pops and to check out the 8 limited time vital being received by the advertisers to draw unbridled purchasers and win a bigger offer in the business sectors.

My history as a reader and writer in Russian and in English Essay

My history as a peruser and author in Russian and in English - Essay Example Composing is a workmanship that expects one to have enthusiasm and eagerness to counter the difficulties that identify with the guidelines of good composition. My involvement with perusing and Writing in school is very not the same as that of secondary school. In secondary school, a large portion of the composing included straightforward structures and rundowns. In school perusing and composing requires profound investigation of the substance and the understanding of those substance. Learning another dialect is very testing yet I am resolved to consummate my new abilities inside the most limited time conceivable. My qualities in this new dialect are the responsibility I have in my investigations through standard practice to upgrade my talking and composing aptitudes. I am additionally acceptable at reviewing realities and materials realized which improves my exhibition in English and Russian dialects. My shortcoming is the poor authority of new expressions, particularly in the new dialect. To counter this shortcoming, I am buckling down by perusing numerous articles and noticing everything that I read in my scratch pad. The fundamental objectives for this course are to improve my diagnostic abilities, which will empower me to be an amazing imaginative essayist later on. I additionally need to improve my utilization of action words particularly the right utilization of action word tenses, which will empower me to compose the excellent syntax. I additionally need to sort out my work quite well and contend with a portion of the world’s eminent scholars in inventive and innovative composition. Perusing and writing in the two distinct dialects will assist me with speaking with more individuals and make numerous companions who have comparative interests.

Marketing Plan for Halal Frozen Food Essay Example

Showcasing Plan for Halal Frozen Food Essay This showcasing plan was explicitly made for Halal Frozen Food Retail Shop. Official Summary Halal is an Arabic word which implies reasonable or legitimate. In the Holy Quran, God orders muslims and all of humanity to eat of the halal things. These days, interest for Halal nourishments is expanding not just in the U. S. , Europe and Canada, yet additionally in the Middle East, Southeast Asia, North Africa and Australia. In Malaysia the requirement for halal nourishment indicating a positive develop. A mindfulness crusade about halal nourishment through media hardware and tabloids gave a decent chance to the Malaysian’s business people to create verities of halal nourishment item like solidified nourishment, drink, nibble and so on. The market for halal nourishment in Malaysia still huge and not completely tapped. Our first solidified nourishment retail shop will be situated at Bangi Kompleks PKNS or some place close by neighborhood. Because of high number of muslim network, the region is the best spot for our first outlet for solidified nourishment retail shop. 2. 0 Situation Analysis In Malaysia retail shop is normal and it is the best alternative to the individuals who need to spare their time in looking on explicit item. Some of notable retail shop in Malaysia like 7-Eleven, 99 shop and among greater like Tesco, Carrefour and Giants. Greatest retailers consistently blend the halal and non halal item lumped together. Our retail shop collection assortments of halal solidified nourishments like fish, fish, meat items, potato items, vegetables, natural product, pizza, prepared suppers, Malaysian customary nourishment, bread kitchen items and treats. 2. 1 Local Market Summary Consumer use in nourishment utilization is significant in every day life. We will compose a custom paper test on Marketing Plan for Halal Frozen Food explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Marketing Plan for Halal Frozen Food explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Marketing Plan for Halal Frozen Food explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer A great many people who are occupied with work incline toward having the nourishment that can be serve not exactly 60 minutes. Be that as it may, the greater part of the nourishments which prepared in the market these days are not served by Islamic prerequisite and the halal status is reluctant. In like manner, the need to have one stop focal point of solidified nourishment halal item is appeared to have an effect on the Muslim Community. Our point initially is to make mindfulness and the requirements for them to have one halal stop community. Bangi was a renowned city as a tip top zone on account of the greater part of UKM speaker remain here. The greater part of them thought about potential client to our business. Bangi contains townhouses, homes, patio houses and condos. Evidently, more than 8 condos and lofts are as of now complete. All the habitations are available to be purchased and rental, so it is normal that the family salary is inside RM50, 000 $100,000 every year. 2. 2 Overseas Market The market of abroad will be tapped once our situating in the neighborhood showcase is solid. [pic] 2. 4 Market Needs †¢ Quality accreditation: All items must be completely confirmed by JAKIM or Halal Bodies. †¢ Quality item: All items must reach to certain ISO standard before it is promoted to the shoppers. Availability: Product can be conveyed direct to purchaser. †¢ Customer administration: The purchaser will be intrigued with the degree of consideration that they got. †¢ Competitive estimating: All items will be valued serious (conceivable due to offering direct to purchaser along these lines maintaining a strategic distance from center man/outsider). †¢ High quality item: p roduce will satisfy worldwide prerequisite. 2. 5 Market Trends The market for halal solidified nourishment is developing in Malaysia. From my perception verities of the solidified nourishment items particularly produce by little medium venture are as yet ailing in promoting despite the fact that their quality is equivalent from greater organization. Our retail place will assist with advancing them so our clients have heaps of choice to pick. As a muslim nation, the flexibly of halal items is acceptable however the customers acknowledgment is still low and aloof. The circumstance contributes towards this pattern are: †¢ Market gracefully: Many nourishment makers are presently creating halal item under JAKIM affirmation. Be that as it may, numerous enormous retails advantageous stores are not ready to acknowledge their items due inner rivalries and different elements. †¢ Presentation/appearance: Presentation must comprise of Islamic Element to show the idea under Halal Food. Wellbeing cognizance: Islamic items are fundamentally maintaining neatness as a feature of the readiness procedure. In this way, halal nourishment Asian individuals have starting to be more wellbeing cognizant and we will choose the best item that has been produce utilizing legitimate strategy innately sound item. 2. 6 Market Growth In the current mo netary circumstance the market for halal solidified is developing. The market for solidified nourishment in Malaysia expanded at a compound yearly development pace of 3. 6% somewhere in the range of 2003 and 2008. The solidified meat items classification drove the solidified nourishment showcase in Malaysia, representing a portion of 42. 9%. 2. 7 SWOT Analysis The accompanying SWOT investigation catches key qualities and shortcomings inside the organization and depicts the dangers confronting the Retail solidified Food Halal Shop. 2. 7. 1 Strengths †¢ Untapped market for retail solidified nourishment halal items is still in incredible interest. †¢ Halal Frozen Food Industry Agro innovation and bolster accessible from government offices. †¢ Financing accessible from MARA and Government Grant. †¢ High-quality and solid item contributions that surpass contenders contributions in term of value, quality, and administration. †¢ Higher than industry edges because of creation efficiencies and direct dispersion to clients. 2. . 2 Weaknesses †¢ New developing items and absence of idea mindfulness. †¢ A restricted showcasing spending plan to create brand mindfulness. †¢ Malaysian customers remain cost cognizant, paying little heed to an enthusiasm for marked products, and interest in development should in this manner be estimated †¢ against the restricted cost at which such merchandise can be sold †¢ Consumer inclination for new nourishment, even at the excellent finish of, as far as possible prepared and solidified nourishment openings in the nation 2. 7. 3 Opportunities †¢ Inflation †interest for halal nourishment increment. †¢ Growing business sector with a huge level of the objective market . The capacity to grow long haul business contracts which should bring down expenses related with item and value the board. †¢ Local and abroad market †¢ The administration is effectively reassuring interest in the agro-ventures, offering another bundle of motivating forces to those entering the market †¢ Food and refreshment advancement stays a demonstrated development road, making open doors for producers long post-retail development is reached †¢ Malaysia’s rising status as a territorial halal focus of greatness gives it fantastic serious separ ate and should assist it with pulling in financial specialists 2. . 4 Threats †¢ An out of state, effectively settled contender that has chosen to make client assistance and adaptability their selling point. (The halal Frozen nourishment retail shops will concentrate on track advertise, item quality and extraordinary client assistance) †¢ Product Variation: Threats on variety items from non halal nourishment makers. †¢ Should either/both Germany’s Metro or US-based Wal-Mart enter Malaysia as reputed, rivalry would quickly heighten making life hard for even moderate sized industry players. 2. 8 Competition There are three kinds of contenders that Red crisp appearances: . Comparative nearby ranchers: These are fundamentally the same as activities to Halal Frozen Food Retail Shops, at times bigger or littler. There has all the earmarks of being room in the market for duplicate as the vast majority of the retailers sell out their items every day at a similar object ive market. 2. Enormous wholesalers: who will typically restraining infrastructures in mass purchasing from ranchers and control the market/cost. 2. 9 Product Offering Frozen Food Retail Halal Store will gather exclusively in promoting and circulating just halal item to the clients. 2. 9. 1 Keys to Success Exceed the clients desires. Halal Frozen Food Retail Shop will: †¢ Increase number of halal items. †¢ Create mindfulness about solidified nourishment halal items. †¢ Generate rehash business. †¢ Increase the exchanges sum per entire merchant/direct client. †¢ Increase the quantity of entire dealer/direct client by making devotion program. 2. 9. 2 Critical Issues Due to the developing number of retail shops in Malaysia, the retail halal solidified nourishment store must have its own marking so as to catch the particular market. The mindfulness for halal nourishment necessity must be underlined now and again by the item proprietor or the administration. . 0 Marketing Strategy Halal solidified nourishment retail shop showcasing financial plan is restricted so the methodology will be straightforward. We will grow direct relationship or organization with MARDI and entire dealer/Chilly based nourishment processor locally and abroad halal solidified nourishment based makers (e. g. Muslim Best in Malaysia). This organization key association is fundamental in guaranteeing the prepared market for halal solidified nourishment. 3. 1 Mission Retail halal solidified nourishment crucial to give the best, sound best chosen item. We exist to pull in and look after clients. At the point when we hold fast to this saying, everything else will become all-good. Our administrations will surpass the desires for our clients. 3. 2 Marketing Objectives 1. To keep up positive development every year. 2. Experience an expansion in new clients who are transformed into long haul clients. 3. Create ‘brand’ value among entire merchant and direct client. 3. 3 Financial Objectives

Transformation In Death Of A Salesman - Free Essay Example

Transformation in Death of a Salesman During a 1999 interview with Charlie Rose, Arthur Miller stated that his play, Death of a Salesman, is a love story, basically, between a father and son its about the loss of love and finding of love again. Millers play, written in 1946, focuses on Willy Loman, a salesman who has spent his life trying to succeed in business and popularity, but never quite grasping how to be the success he portrayed himself to be. Realizing early on that he would never be his own definition of success, Willy works to instill in his two young sons, Biff and Happy, the importance of success in business and being well liked.. Unfortunately for Willie, the values that he teaches his sons, and the example he sets only serves to lead them astray. Now in his sixties, Willie is tired. He and Biff have been at odds since Biff discovered him having an affair. The discovery destroyed Biff and his view of his father, resulting in Biffs drifting unhappily and unsuccessfully through life. Upon his return home, witnessing the hopeless, delusional being that his father has become†suicidal, and unable to separate his memories of the past from the present, Biff attempts to help his father to regain his confidence and hope. However, the lies of their family run too deep, causing Biff to falter; and Willie, deciding that he is worth more dead than alive, takes his own life. In the course of attempting to help his father, Biff reveals himself as a protagonist in this play as he manages, unlike any of the other characters, to achieve some manner of personal growth by battling his inner demons, his fathers expectations, and his families lies and unrealistic endeavors in pursuit of riches. Biff learns that the only way he will avoid the fate of his father is to live his truth by choosing happiness over success. Lee Siegel asserts that, Biffs inability, at the age of 34, to get beyond the discovery, when he was a senior in high school, of his fathers infidelity†committed by Willy out of loneliness and desperation†roots him as fatally in his past as Willy is stuck in his. Until this discovery, Biff was on track to at least finish high school. The product of Willys raising, Biff was a gifted football star who valued popularity over academics. Biff followed his fathers dvice as if it were gospel, be liked and youll never want (Miller, Death, 33). Biff and Willy, for a time, exist in a relationship of mutual flattery, unrealistic dreams, and adoration. Willy is willing to overlook Biffs flaws of being a thief and a bully, and Biff does not believe Willy has any flaws. However, the discovery of Willys affair, shakes Biff to his very core and causes him to question everything Willy has ever taught him. If Willy is not authentic, then neither is Biff, for his authenticity depends comple tely on Willys authorizing it (Heims 1180). This event effectively stunts Biff, he is left without a certain idea of success, to battle the happiness he finds on a farm and in nature with his instilled desire to find success in business. Biffs stagnation torments Willy. Biff was meant to be Willys redemption for his own failures, a heavy burden for a father to place on a son. Willy, grows more irritated with each encounter with Biff and his lack of material success. He questions, How can he find himself on a farm? Is that a life? A farmhand?its more than ten years now and he has yet to make thirty-five dollars a week! (Miller,Death, 16). However, even though Biff feels mocked by Willy, he also sees that his father is in distress, and feels the need to help him. Biff appears to Willy as a hero who inexplicably has not achieved his heroism and who is, consequently, a source of grief and not joy (Heims 1137). In one last attempt to live up to Willies standards, to rescue his father, and help him to regain respect, Biff plans to borrow money from an old boss and start his own sporting goods business with Happy. At this new Willie is overjoyed, pressing his son to succeed, its like the old says to him, but with a seemingly greater sense of desperation and urgency. However, the former lies of his family have only invaded Biffs perceptions of past events, his former boss, Mr. Oliver, has no recollection of him. Biff was not the prized salesman he and his family remembered him to be, but just a shipping clerk. In his pride injured state Biff steals the mans pen to make himself feel better. At the same time Willie has been fired, he tells his sons, the woods are burning, boys, you understand. Theres a big blaze going on all around (Miller, Death, 107). As Biff reveals the truth of his day to Willy, disappointing him in his time of great need, Willy is relieving the moment of Biff discovering his affair. Willy begins to lose his last bit of sanity. He has nothing left to give, but Biff refuses to live with the lies anymore. Biff has changed, hes had an epiphany in the midst of stealing the pen he asks himself, why am I trying to become what I dont want to be? What am I doing in an office making a contemptuous, begging fool of myself, when all I want is out there, waiting for me the minute I say I know who I am! (Miller, Death, 132). With this realization Biff implores Willy to accept that his failures werent out of spite anymore, but simply because he never took the time to make anything of himself. In Willys last confrontation with Biff he realizes too, that the degree of Biffs alienation from, and rage at him are measures of his love for him (Heims 1080). Willy finally understands that Biff loves him, but it is too late. The only thing that changes in Willys decided course of action, is that he dies knowing that Biff loves him. In the end, it is only Biff who is able realize that happiness and comfort are not found in the reckless pursuit of material goods and popularity, but in the comfort of freedom and truth. It is Bills love for Willy that both torments and frees him.

The Justice of Democracy Essay - 789 Words

The Justice of Democracy Why was Socrates the renowned Philosopher put to death, was it based on his political and spiritual beliefs or because he taught his beliefs to his students? He believed that he was in a private pursuit of truth, a search for wisdom. He turned the youth against the Gods of Athens, proposing that the opinions of experts were the only pertinent opinions. Socrates never voiced his concerns or chose to leave the society that had supported him for some seventy years of his life. The democratic government allowed the majority to rule, it enabled the people to vote and decide what is just. The government was based on a procedural process, one, which took into account the input of the majority. In this manner they†¦show more content†¦In this way Socrates felt justified in turning away from the belief system, his own right in his mind, as well as corrupting the minds of the youth. His seemingly private matter turned into a public matter when his actions started effecting the well be ing of the community, his pursuits then became a political matter. The form of government called democracy, Socrates claimed not to agree with its principles. In pursuing wisdom, truth and justice, he was acting in a democratic manner, the same political process that he condemned for its corruptive nature. Socrates proposed a system where the experts decide the decisions of the country, because they are the only ones who have the knowledge. He defines knowledge, as knowing that you do not know and ignorance as thinking you know what you really do not know. (Apology, 4). Then the question is proposed why would a country need experts, those who are able to admit that they are wrong, to make just and right decisions for that country? Socrates believed philosophers, such as himself were the only mentally equipped citizens qualified to make decisions that effect the path of this country. The democratic system has been tested and proven, citizens utilize the strengths of the political system. In the democratic manner, a system which Socrates felt he knew enough about to defy, Socrates should have employed these strengths to his own advantage. The majority sentenced him and he hadShow MoreRelatedDemocracy And The Problem Of Distributive Justice1443 Words   |  6 PagesDemocracy and the Prob lem of Distributive Justice The preliminary point into an inquiry of distributive justice is to disconnect the conjunction of â€Å"distributive,† and â€Å"justice†. For the purpose of this essay, I will inherit and accept John Rawls explanation of justice from A Theory of Justice. â€Å"Justice,† according to Rawls, â€Å"is the first virtue of social institutions.† Therefore, from a societal perspective, justice as the first virtue negates the utilitarian maxim that a loss of freedom forRead MoreEssay about Platos Concept of Democracy and Justice643 Words   |  3 Pagesconcept of democracy and justice. Thrasymachus, the Sophist declares that justice is the advantage of the stronger, whereas Socrates argues that justice is wisdom, something good and desirable. According to this in Athenian times, a democracy could not survive with out a system of justice in place. This still holds true in the contemporary Western world. Throughout the dialogue of book one, Socrates, Cephalus, Polemarchus and Thrasymachus are trying to reach a definition of justice. 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Obesity Comes With Psychological Effects Essay - 2370 Words

Obesity Comes With Psychological Effects Matthew Nusbickel Caledonia - Mumford High School Abstract This paper discusses the theory that in some way, shape, or form every person who is medically considered obese or believes they are obese will be affected negatively. Many articles used in this paper have shed light to what some of the effects of being obese are. Disorders such as anorexia, bulimia, and misleading body image are all psychological issues faced by obese people each and every day (At Risk For Eating Disorders, 2013, Sep 30). This paper examines how people react to these psychological differences and if they are even aware their psyche is being affected. Introduction There have been many studies and tests to determine if being obese has a major effect on the psyche. Some studies showed there are many different responses and psychological effects that vary from person to person. 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The Great Depression For Germany

Question: How Significant was the Great Depression for Germany? Answer: Introduction The great depression is known for the worldwide economic slump that began as a crisis in America. At the end of the World War I, Germany became a part of democratic republic, which was known as the Weimer Republic[1]. The economic crisis occurred after the world war put the government into stress. The government became unable to deal with such crisis scenario. In the year of 1923, France occupied Ruhr Valley, which was the heartland of German Industry. The Treaty of Versailles demanded the war compensation that Germany could not pay. In order to stabilize the economic condition, the President of Weimar Republic decided to approach America to loan Germany. Between the years of 1924-1929, the economic condition was quite improved. However, it is important to note that during the year of 1920, Germany remained as the country with economic instability. Therefore, the study will shed lights on the economic, social, political, and other issues occurred during such scenario. The influence of these factors will be explained by adding the relevant information in this study. Discussion In the year of 1928, the emerged crisis created the significant depression for Germans. Herbart Hoover, the President of New Republic confidently implied that this situation was the final triumph over poverty. In the year of 1929, the Wall Street Stock Market crashed and the world economy was plunged into the stressful and recognizable depression[2]. America was in the depths of the greatest economic depression by the year of 1932. Suring such time, the unemployment rate reached upwards 13 million[3]. It was noted that many of the people started living in the primitive conditions that are close to famine. It was reported that one family from New York moved into a cave located in the Central Park. Almost 1000 people from St. Louis started living in shacks, which were made from scrap metals and boxes. People became desperate to search for jobs and employments. In November 1932, the time of election, Hoover had also undergone some of the crises. He was not allowed to arrange a campaign and the opponent party defeated him as well. It is to be specified that there are some of the significant links between this Wall Street crash and the great depression in Germany. The causes of depression were as follows: The collapse of the land prices in Florida in 1926 was a considerable threat. The lack of people to buy good products due to economic crisis was also responsible. During 1920s, farmers produced many foods and the prices were steadily lower[4]. There were many small banks, which did not have enough funds to cope with the sudden economic rush to take out of savings. Much speculation on the stock market was also responsible. The Wall Street Crash was the psychological blow for the people. America lent huge sums of money to European countries during the collapse of stock market[5]. The financial crisis became severe when the European Banks were collapsed. The mentioned situations drove Germany towards a severe form of depression. The effects of such crises are discussed further: 13 million people were out of work that made the unemployment crisis much dangerous. Between the years of 1929-1932, the industrial production dropped by almost 45%. Between the years of 1929 to 1932, the house building fell by almost 80%[6]. The entire banking system in America reached to the collapsing edge. Almost 5,000 banks went out of business during this period. Many people were dead due to starvation, illness, and depression. The above analysis specifies that the situation was completely out of control and caused severe depression. These effects have the significant impact on the world economy as well. However, during such scenario, the Weimar Government paid attention towards the useful regulations that were effective enough to combat depression. During the great depressions, Germany was unable to pay the post war compensation. The Weimer Government approached America to provide the loans for making the economic conditions stabilized. It is noted that people raised questions on German reparations whether it is being the massive free imports or not. Government increased the relief spending that contributed to the crisis by put down the employees[7]. It made cuts to education, health care, and other social programs. The government even started borrowing money from abroad during the financial crisis. The most visible outcome of such Great Depression in Germany was the unemployment. By the year of 1932, it was notified that more than 12 million American lost their job. The collapse in the economic structure also led to runs on banks when people started rushing for withdrawing cash. More than hundred banks closed and many people lost their pensions and savings. It is to be indicated that the great depression had the profound effects on the society in America[8]. In case of Weimer Government, this impact took the severe form. Germans were never much reliant on the production since they were on the loans from America. In late 1929, the lone was ceased. However, the German society was affected much significant due to the great depression. The shortage of food increased the poverty level. The children even suffered more since many of them died due to malnutrition and hunger-related diseases[9]. It is also noted that the Weimer Government failed to respond actively during such crisis sc enario. Many people had to leave their home and some of them even started committing crimes in order to live their lives. During this situation, the women on the society also started searching for jobs since the men were unable to bear the expenses of the family. The status of the women increased since they started supporting their families instead of men[10]. It was noticed that more than 1.5 million women living apart from their husbands. The married women entered the work force in large numbers. Many women started working in the menial operations. It affected the educational field as well. It was noticed that people could not pay the school fees of their children. Most of the family could not afford the expenses on the education. Therefore, it affected the children and youth in a significant way. The great depression changed the farmers lives drastically. The government started helping these farmers to live through the changed took place in the agricultural business. Many farmers started raising their foods. They started plucking vegetables from their garden, eating chicken, egg, and beef from their own pets. The middle-class or the working class people also faced the significant challenges during this great depression. It was noticed that the wages were cut off from the industries. Therefore, the salary of these working class people decreased from the previous amount. The families from different classes, racial, ethnic, and regional background along with the various styles of marital status, relationships were much in depression. In the year of 1933, the average family income had dropped to almost $1,500, which was almost 40%, less that the income received in the year of 1929. The banks were closed and the families lost their savings. The retired people even stopped receivin g their pensions. When people lost their job during such crisis, they had no option left apart from joining in the civil service process. Even when people were unwilling to join the government works, due to such scenario, they had to join the civil service. Government started dealing with abroad and received the financial help for providing the wages to the people. Therefore, it can be inferred that during this scenario, people were persuaded to change their career path. They simply had to leave their jobs and started serving the government in spite of following their own dreams. However, it can be defined that people from different cultural background and social group started suffering during this Great Depression in Germany. The Great Depression in Germany mostly affected the political structure in a significant manner. Germany was quite dependent on US during the crisis. Even when the US economy started crashing, the political instability highlighted much prominently. The economy of Germany was quite reliant on export businesses[11]. The loans were obtained from US and Germany started paying the reparations from this amount. The Weimer Republic faced the worst weakness thought its history during this Great Depression period. The Weimer Republic failed to establish a stable political system. During the year if 1929, the political system of Weimer Government was undoubtedly weak. The failure of involving the efficient politicians was the major reasons behind such political instability. It was noted that Germany could not create the stable economic system after the world war. The collapse of the Weimar Republic thus proved to be inevitable[12]. Germany became much reliant on the foreign investments. If the government had created the stable economic, this disastrous situation could have been prevented. Hence, it can be stated that the Weimer Republic was failure to create a stable political system during the Great Depression. When the stock market started collapsing, it affected the foreign capitals. Especially, in order to receiving loans from America, Germany became much reliant on foreign trades. The production level started falling drastically. Adolf Hitler took the advantage of such instable condition[13]. In prior to Great Depression, the growth of the Nazi party was much slower. It could not reach even 100,000 members in a country, which included over sixty million populations[14]. However, it is important to note that the party was still strongly controlled, and maintained the effective discipline. During the election, Hitler started arranging campaigns by making vague promises, prosperity, and employment growth. Therefore, the people elected the Nazi Party to get rid of such hazardous situations. It was observed that during 1932, this Great Depression took the severe form of unemployment rates[15]. Many people from Germany tool salvation during such crisis. After 1933, in spite of many threats an d intrigue, Hitler became the chancellor or the dictator of Germany. The crisis brought disunity to the political party that led Hitler towards formulating his ruling kingdom over the Germans. Even though there were many financial program arranged for helping German people, it could not help the political instability occurred during Great Depression. The Great Depression had brought the drastic changes in the economic, social, and political environment of Germany. The outcomes derived from the obtained information specify that the results are interrelated. The most significant outcome of Great Depression was the financial crisis that increased the unemployment rate. People suffered due to starvation, children could not even receive the proper education, the wages were cut down, and the political structure became instable[16]. If Great Depression did not take place, Germany could not be able to establish production stability. The country was much reliant on US economy. The country started focusing on establishing the proper export trading system to serve the population with better economic structure. Conclusion The study highlighted the Great Depression occurred in Germany. The political, social, and financial structures of the country were completely collapsed. The most visible outcome of such Great Depression in Germany was the unemployment. In fact, it was noted that Weimer Republic paid the attention towards supporting the financial stability. It is to be indicated that the great depression had the profound effects on the society in America. In case of Weimer Government, this impact took the severe form. When people lost their job during such crisis, they had no option left apart from joining in the civil service process. Even when people were unwilling to join the government works, due to such scenario, they had to join the civil service. Germans were never much reliant on the production since they were on the loans from America. However, it affected the country in drastic way. Hitler took the advantage of such political instability and became the next dictator. However, it is noted Ge rmany started depending on the own trading process in order to make the political and financial structure more stabilized. References "BBC - GCSE Bitesize: Revision tip and answer preparation". in , , 2017, https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/usa/walldepressionrev4.shtml [accessed 1 March 2017]. "Government Response to the Great Depression". in , , 2017, https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/politics/great-depression-government-response.php [accessed 1 March 2017]. "Weimar Republic and the Great Depression - History Learning Site". in , , 2017, https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/modern-world-history-1918-to-1980/weimar-germany/weimar-republic-and-the-great-depression/ [accessed 1 March 2017]. "What was the impact of the Great Depression in Germany? | South African History Online". in , , 2017, https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/crisis-capitalism-germany-grade-11 [accessed 1 March 2017]. Anderson, Richard G., Michael Bordo, and John V. Duca.Money and velocity during financial crises: from the Great Depression to the Great Recession. No. w22100. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2016. Borio, Claudio EV. "Monetary policy and financial stability: what role in prevention and recovery?." (2014). Drezner, Daniel W. "The system worked: Global economic governance during the Great Recession."World Politics66.1 (2014): 123-164. Jaremski, Matthew. "The Great Depression of the 1930s: Lessons for Today."Journal of Economic Literature52.2. 2014: 540-541. Moser, John E. "The Great Depression."A COMPANION TO WORLD WAR II.2013: 47. Perry, Nathan, and Matas Vernengo. "What ended the Great Depression? Re-evaluating the role of fiscal policy."Cambridge journal of economics38.2 (2014): 349-367. Reeves, Aaron, Martin McKee, and David Stuckler. "Economic suicides in the great recession in Europe and North America."The British journal of psychiatry205.3 (2014): 246-247. Riumallo-Herl, Carlos, et al. "Job loss, wealth and depression during the Great Recession in the USA and Europe."International journal of epidemiology(2014): dyu048. Surez, Sandra L. "Symbolic politics and the regulation of executive compensation: A comparison of the Great Depression and the Great Recession."Politics Society42.1 (2014): 73-105. Tavlas, G, "New Perspectives on the Great Depression: A Review Essay". in International Finance, 19, 2016, 353-374. Temin, Peter. "Great Depression."Banking Crises. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. 144-153. Volkov, Shulamit.The Rise of Popular Antimodernism in Germany: The Urban Master Artisans, 1873-1896. Princeton University Press, 2015. Anderson, Richard G., Michael Bordo, and John V. Duca.Money and velocity during financial crises: from the Great Depression to the Great Recession. No. w22100. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2016. Reeves, Aaron, Martin McKee, and David Stuckler. "Economic suicides in the great recession in Europe and North America."The British journal of psychiatry205.3 (2014): 246-247 Riumallo-Herl, Carlos, et al. "Job loss, wealth and depression during the Great Recession in the USA and Europe."International journal of epidemiology(2014): dyu048. Drezner, Daniel W. "The system worked: Global economic governance during the Great Recession."World Politics66.1 (2014): 123-164. Perry, Nathan, and Matas Vernengo. "What ended the Great Depression? Re-evaluating the role of fiscal policy."Cambridge journal of economics38.2 (2014): 349-367. Surez, Sandra L. "Symbolic politics and the regulation of executive compensation: A comparison of the Great Depression and the Great Recession."Politics Society42.1 (2014): 73-105. Borio, Claudio EV. "Monetary policy and financial stability: what role in prevention and recovery?." (2014). Temin, Peter. "Great Depression."Banking Crises. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. 144-153. Volkov, Shulamit.The Rise of Popular Antimodernism in Germany: The Urban Master Artisans, 1873-1896. Princeton University Press, 2015. Moser, John E. "The Great Depression."A COMPANION TO WORLD WAR II.2013: 47. Jaremski, Matthew. "The Great Depression of the 1930s: Lessons for Today."Journal of Economic Literature52.2. 2014: 540-541. Tavlas, G, "New Perspectives on the Great Depression: A Review Essay". in International Finance, 19, 2016, 353-374. "What was the impact of the Great Depression in Germany? | South African History Online". in , , 2017, https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/crisis-capitalism-germany-grade-11 [accessed 1 March 2017]. "Weimar Republic and the Great Depression - History Learning Site". in , , 2017, https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/modern-world-history-1918-to-1980/weimar-germany/weimar-republic-and-the-great-depression/ [accessed 1 March 2017] "Government Response to the Great Depression". in , , 2017, https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/politics/great-depression-government-response.php [accessed 1 March 2017]. "BBC - GCSE Bitesize: Revision tip and answer preparation". in , , 2017, https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/usa/walldepressionrev4.shtml [accessed 1 March 2017].

Who Is I Essays - English-language Films, John Galt, Libertarianism

Who Is I? Ayn Rand Tiffany Hohmann 2nd Johnston 5/11/2000 Who Is I? In Atlas Shrugged, Ayn Rand provides a well-written explanation of objectivism in a monumental novel about those who hold the world on their shoulders. Her characters are a myriad of individuals, ranging from the highest achievement possible: a human, to one of the most horrid creatures on this planet: a once-human imbecile. She gives the reader insight into the psyche of society and the motivations behind our actions. In this novel, Rand's most righteous characters are those with the most internal conflict. They must shed their conditioning that has been imposed on them by the earth's people and leave behind what they value as most precious. There is one character that is held higher than the rest. A man of morality, introspection, and enigma, he begins the book and finishes it. So, who is John Galt? John Galt is Rand's brilliant character that blends imagination and intelligence. John Galt can be described as having the same opinion on life that Henry David Thoreau does. They both believe you shouldn't carry the world on your shoulders; they realize that in fact by giving things to the needy (Rand would use the word unworthy) you aren't enabling them to become better people, but merely allowing them o feed off of other's success. Their opinions differ in that Thoreau had good intentions for all and Galt is only interested in the very best for the competent and likes the idea of leaving saps in the dust. Galt brings Atlas's people from the earth into their Olympus, Galt's Gulch. There, these remarkable competent people are able to create their own utopia of industry and live without the weight of the earth's incompetents. He, like Dagny Taggart, Francisco d'Anconia, and Henry Reardon, is a person of high ideals and standards. He values the dollar because he knows that the dollar is the highest commodity of respect a human can give to another's ability. The actual sign of the dollar is the symbol of its country's initials: for the United States, "the only country in history where wealth was not acquired by looting, but by production, not by force, but by trade... The symbol of man's right to his own mind, to his work, to his life, to his happiness, to himself" (Atlas Shrugged, 637). It is the country that draws men like John Galt, Henry Reardon, and Francisco d'Anconia. These men use it as a symbol of themselves and of their quest, evident on everything they produce. Galt's ability is what is needed by those of the earth in order to keep them elevated in the universe. What would happen if all these industrialists shrugged the world's expectations off their shoulders? Rand answers this. Because Galt, like the rest of Atlas's people, has a passion for his work and moralistic code, he is torn by this love of industry and his idealistic hope for the future of the world. A new world without looters and moochers that can begin again with Atlas's people populating and driving it. In order to leave behind the old world and begin anew, he must stop the motor of the world; he must destroy it. He must do two things: understand the looters' moralistic code and annihilate all he holds dear in a calculating manner. To do this, he recruits his two best friends: Francisco d'Anconia and Ragner Danneskjold. These three prodigies, the "Climax of the d'Anconias," the "golden-haired pirate," and the "Face without Pain or Fear or Guilt," would lead the rebellion to destroy all that is most important in order to save it from those who would ruin and plunder it. Galt is very determined. So determined that he is able to abandon his most ingenious achievement, a motor than runs on static el ectricity, and desist from working. When he does this, he eliminates the possibility for the motor to run a world where there is no cause of movement. He unravels the secret to the world's destruction. Besides having to choose between his love of industry and his love of the future, Galt faces another predicament: his love for Dagny Taggart. She is the only woman Francisco d'Anconia and Henry Reardon ever loved. She

Political Party Ads - Who Pays for Them

Political Party Ads - Who Pays for Them Finding out who pays for political party ads in election season can be tricky. Candidates and committees who purchase political party ads on television and in print are required to disclose their identities. But often times those committees have vague names such as Americans for Prosperity or Americans for a Better Future. Understanding who contributes money to those committees so they can buy political ads is an important function of democracy because the ads play such a large role in elections. Are they conservative or liberal in political philosophy? Do they have a special interest or issue they are trying to influence? It is sometimes difficult to discern what a committees motives are just by watching or reading political ads. Who Pays for Political Party Ads Generally speaking, there are several types of groups that pay for political advertising. They are individual candidate election campaigns such as those for President Barack Obama or 2012 Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney; political parties such as the Democratic National Committee and Republican National Committee; and political action committees or super PACs funded by industries and special interests. Some of the largest special interests in American politics are abortion and gun-control opponents, energy companies and senior citizens. In recent years, though, super PACs have emerged has powerhouses in the electoral process. So have 527 groups and other organizations who seek to exploit weak disclosure laws and spend so-called dark money. How to Tell Who Pays for Political Ads It is easy to tell when an individual political candidate or political party buys airtime for ads. They will disclose their identities, often at the end of the ad. Typically, the wording is This ad was paid for by the committee to re-elect Barack Obama or I am Mitt Romney and I approved this message. Political action committees and super PACs are required to do the same, but they are not required to provide a list of major contributors or identify their special interests on the air. Such information is available only through the committees own websites or through Federal Election Commission records. Those records, called campaign finance reports, include details about how much a political candidate or political party is spending on political ads. Disclosure Controversy Political action committees and super PACs are required by law to list their contributors in disclosures filed regularly in Washington, D.C. Such information can shed light on whether those super PACs are conservative or liberal in nature. But some super PACs exploit a loophole in reporting laws not addressed in the legal case that led to their creation, Citizens United v. the FEC. Super PACs are permitted to accept contributions from nonprofit groups classified as 501[c][4] or social welfare organizations under the Internal Revenue Service tax code. The problem is that under that tax code, 501[c][4] groups are not required to disclose their own contributors. That means they can make contributions to super PACs in the name of the social welfare entity without having to disclose where they themselves got the money. Attempts to close that loophole in Congress have failed. Greater Transparency The Federal Communications Commission requires television stations that get paid to broadcast political ads to keep a record of who bought airtime. Those records are required to be made available for inspection to the public at the stations. The contracts show the which candidates, political committees or special interests are buying political ads, the length and target audience, how much they paid, and when the ads aired. Beginning in August 2012, the FCC also required television stations to post online all contracts with candidates, super PACs and other committees buying airtime for political ads. Those contracts are available at https://stations.fcc.gov.

Prejudice and discrimination against women in american literature.The Essay

Prejudice and discrimination against women in american literature.The prejudice against women and the injustice practiced agains - Essay Example A critical observation of the sufferings and unfair treatment to women as a result of prejudices and discrimination is the focus of this paper. A brief survey of the female characters in the early American fiction can serve as a background to the picture of womanhood today in American society. Mark Twain never looked at his wife as an equal in his life. His attitude to womanhood can be traced through his female characters. Miss Watson can be taken here as an example here. She is shown in Huckleberry Finn as a lonely woman, or living with her widowed sister, a societal outcast living in the shadow of others. Her presence only makes others uncomfortable, including Huck and Jim. An unmarried woman in Twain’s days got the role of a caretaker and as she stayed at home, she was expected to take care of the sick or the elderly relatives. She must be selfless, and must devote her life for others. Twain depicts Miss Watson as a typical old maid of his time from which the prejudices and discrimination towards women in his society can easily be studied by the readers. William Faulkner, on the other hand, depicts the actual situation of a woman and creates repulsion in the readers to the prevailing prejudices and discrimination. ... In Scarlet Letter Hawthorne gives not only the dark reality of the prejudices and discriminations against woman, but also exposes the snobbishness in society regarding sexual matters. A priest seduces a woman, does not own up his role and responsibility, and, he continues to preach from the pulpit. However, Hawthorne turns his female character charged with adultery into an angel through her stern commitments and devotions. The signs of resistance and determinations to establish true womanhood are seen in his novel. All these honest intentions could not find result in twentieth century as a result of wars and depressions. Hemingway’s novels reveal such situations in which women are seen as mere objects of pleasure. Prostitution becomes rampant as the soldiers fighting on the borders were to be supplied with female flesh. How the male characters become incapable of extending emotions of love towards women is a common theme in his novels. When sex is seen synonymous with pleasure the focus becomes woman’s body and not the person. Lust replaces love. Henry Millers novels can be taken as an example of this. They carry endless images of woman as cunt, whore, and bitch. The difference between the sexual intercourses in Miller’s pages and the pages of Lawrence’s Lady Chatterley’s Lover reveal the actual differences between lust and love. By the middle of the twentieth century, after sixties to be precise, women writers came to the forefront as the custodians of true female experiences. Two women writers, Erica Jong and Tony Morison are taken here to show the changes seen in literature regarding the depiction of prejudices and discrimination towards women. In Fear of Flying Isadora becomes a writer who

Anti-Death Penalty Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Anti-Death Penalty - Research Paper Example As the paper outlines many imaginative and cruel ways of implementing the death penalty have been witnessed through time – from the guillotine to the garrote to firing squads to gas chambers to electric chairs -- before the more â€Å"humane† lethal injection has been made the manner of choice in countries that consider themselves civilized. However, there still are some countries in the world that use cruel ways of implementing capital punishment. Worse, these are for crimes that in many jurisdictions would not warrant the death penalty, or in some cases, any punishment at all. In Sudan, for example, a married person found guilty of adultery is executed by stoning; an unmarried person receives 100 lashes. In Afghanistan during the Taliban regime, a woman and a man were stoned to death in public using palm-sized stones for non-marital sex. The man died within minutes but the woman had to be finished off by dropping a large chunk of stone over her head. This paper will a rgue that the death penalty should no longer be used as a form of punishment. Four main arguments will be forwarded. First, the irrevocability of the death penalty means that there is no hope of correcting an injustice committed against a convict later found to be innocent. Second, it violates the principle of restorative justice, which should replace the principle of retributive justice. Third, it has been proven by empirical evidence that it in no way deters crime or helps in crime prevention. Fourth, racial biases affect any objective application of the death penalty law.  Human errors and frailty, as well as the lack of adequate forensic facilities in some countries, have led to many convictions that later turn out to be wrong. In a situation where the maximum penalty that may be meted out is life imprisonment, the State may still be able to provide reparation for an innocent man wrongly convicted. He will be allowed to go free and will even be given damages. In a country wher e the death penalty is legal, the finality of the sentence of death renders any mistake in convictions irreversible.  The problem is seriously considering that, according to a death penalty information website, "since 1973, at least 121 people have been released from death row after evidence of their innocence emerged. During the same period of time, over 982 people have been executed. Thus, for every eight people executed, we have found one person on death row who never should have been convicted."  This issue has generated widespread public outrage and is perhaps one of the more compelling reasons as to why the anti-death penalty advocates are gaining ground. Says Haines (125):  An analysis of newspaper coverage suggests that flawed convictions, in which possibly innocent persons either suffer or narrowly escape execution, are especially potent threats to public support for capital punishment. The injustice brought about by sending an innocent man to prison is magnified a th ousandfold by the horrific idea that such an innocent man might be wrongly executed. There can be no recompense that may be provided to the dead. In recent times, we have seen a paradigm shift from retributive justice, where a convict is made to pay for grievances to the community he belongs to, to restorative justice, wherein a recognition is made that a crime has been committed and a wrong has been done, but the convict is still a member of the community and is perceived as a human being with the capacity for reform.  

Money as a Motivator Essay Example for Free

Money as a Motivator Essay This paper will discuss the subject of money as a motivator. In addition to research and a cohesive review of literature it will include two interviews with prominent managers which will be analyzed to further enrich the knowledge of the subject by taking advantage of their hands-on experience. I- Introduction: Money, A motivator?Money! That is the violent war between employers and employees. Indeed, motivating employees through the use of money as a material reward or motivator for work achievement is and has always been a matter of controversy. Many theorists tackling motivation theories, human nature in general and motivation in particular, have accordingly examined this issue and yet they did not give the same answer as whether money can motivate workers for work or not. This shall form the main core of this projectBut before tackling this sensitive issue, let us see what does Motivation in general entails? Motivation suggests the strong desire to do ones job well with an initiation to receive a complement either of moral or material satisfaction. Employers have employed material incentives in the form of extra hours with extra pay, some others give too much importance to the stability of the workers with satisfying their necessaries of life; whereas others have much stressed human relations, good contacts with prospective outcomes, promotion, and occupation with high responsibilities potential. There is no shortage of theories about motivation, and the relation between money and motivation in particular was central to most of them since money has always been held as the bread and butter of each worker and the carrot or the stick with which the employers control the goal achievement processes. Next we briefly review some of the most important motivation theories and there approach on money. II- Review of literature and previous studies:(A) Theories of Human motivation and their relation to money:* The Hierarchy of NeedsThis theory is probably the best-known motivation theory. It was coined by Abraham Maslow during the 1940s and 1950s. In essence, it states that our motivations are dictated primarily by the circumstances we find ourselves in, and that certain lower needs need to be satisfied before we are  motivated towards higher accomplishments. Maslow indicated five distinct stages, starting at physiological needs and ending at self-actualization needs. In practice, the first stage in the hierarchy, the physiological stage, which contains the needs the employee first tries to satisfy such as food, shelter†¦ indicates that pay is a good motivator within this stage. Money is the supplier of food, medicine, shelter, clothing†¦ but as soon as thee basic needs become satisfied and the employee moves to higher stages within the hierarchy, pay becomes less and le ss a motivator. Money cant buy safety, a sense of belonging, self esteem or self actualization. * Theory X and Theory YIn 1960, Douglas McGregor advanced the idea that managers had a major part in motivating staff. He essentially divided managers into two categories Theory X managers who believe that their staff are lazy and will do as little as they can get away with; and Theory Y managers who believe that their people really want to do their best in their work. Theory X managers believe that staff will do things if they are given explicit instructions with no wiggle room, and plenty of stick if they dont do what they are supposed to do. Theory Y managers believe their people work their best when empowered to make appropriate decisions. Managers who follow theory Xs approach, tend to rely greatly on money as both a motivator and a tool of control. Theory Y managers tend to focus also on non-monetary motivators and rely less and less on money in motivating their staff. With advances in management theories, Theory Y has begun to replace Theory X as the dominant management philo sophy in many organizations and money began to seem as a less effective tool for motivation as we will later see. * Dual Factor TheoryAnother theory to gain prominence at this time was Frederick Hertzbergs Dual Factor theory. He identified two separate groups of factors that had a strong bearing on motivation. He called the first group hygiene factors, because they strongly influenced feelings of dissatisfaction amongst employees. Hygiene factors include working conditions, pay, and job security. According to Hertzberg, they dont motivate employees as such, but if they are not there, they can adversely affect job performance. He referred to the other group as motivation factors because they had a role in positively influencing performance   such as achievement, career progression and learning. Hertzberg went on to state that you can forget about workforce motivation if you dont get the hygiene factors right first of all, so you have to get the pay part of the equation right. But he saw pay as not being an actual motivator in the work place. You can create disgruntle employees with less money, but you cant create a motivated employee with more cash. * Equity TheoryJohn Stacy Adams posited another theory in 1965, looking at how motivation was affected by the degree of fairness within an organization, particularly within a group of peers. Consider the situation where nine sales representatives are given a company Mercedes, but one of them is given a Toyota, even though that person believes he did just as good a job as his colleagues. How would that last sales representative feel? Now theres nothing wrong with a Toyota, but by comparing ones own circumstances to the treatment of others in a similar situation, very intense feelings can be experienced. These feelings could lead to intense positive or negative motivations. Its here that money can become a serious de-motivator or even a source of conflict if distribution was not seen as fair. No matter how insignificant the monetary value, a lower raise will be seen as an unfair evaluation of ones self-conceived performance relative to others and the intended motivating effect will be transformed into a strong feeling of inferiority and injustice. In practice, managers need to be careful in distributing money incentives within a group of peers because of the emotions this can engender. *Expectancy TheoryVictor Vroom in 1964 put forward the notion that people are driven by the likelihood of genuine success in achieving particular objectives. Three barriers need to be jumped by managers if they want to motivate their people to succeed. First of all, they need to connect the task to be performed to the likelihood of better results. Secondly they need to set expectations that there are positive benefits to the employee in achieving those results, and thirdly they need to ensure that these benefits are of value to the employee. For instance, there is no point asking your employees to be happy about coming in a half-hour early in future if you cant properly explain how this will lead to eventual real benefits for the  employees themselves. Benefits also should be properly assessed, some employees rank money low on their priority lists, and others give it precedence over other benefits. Setting expectations for benefits that are not valued by employees will not work, ma nagers should not take for granted that money is all that matters and probe for other benefits the employees may consider superior. * Money as a MotivatorThis theory states that all workers are motivated primarily by the need for money; so if you want to get the most out of your workforce, you pay them more. This has particular effectiveness in areas where payment is directly linked to the accomplishment of objectives. This theory is prevalent in many businesses in the form of performance-related pay, incentives, bonuses and promotion schemes. While few would argue that it does not have some validity (indeed it is the driver behind most sales forces the world over), it is not an all-encompassing theory. It doesnt really address the sometimes complex reasons why people are motivated by money. It excludes people who are not driven primarily for money. It does not, for example, apply to voluntary organizations. In addition, it may not work if meeting the financial objectives might threaten other entitlements, creature-comforts or rights, such as an employees location, network of friends, employment conditions or cur rent level of job satisfaction. Several other related theories such as the ERG and AAP theories also tried to find out what motivates employees the most, and where does pay rank among motivators. The motivational power of money is clear in the sense that more dollars buy more things (but not all things as we discussed before), but why is money sometimes seen as a low quality motivator?(B) Money, an Over Estimated MotivatorIn our research and readings we were able to identify several problems with using money as a motivator in the work place. These points are summarized below and should be taken into consideration by the manager in his efforts to promote effectiveness and efficiency. (1) Cash becoming compensation: The great thing about choosing a monetary reward is that theres no extra distribution method necessary. Employees view cash incentives and awards as part of their annual compensation,  Because those dollars just become part of what you take home, theres nothing special about them. The money tends to get spent paying bills, and you dont really do anything thats memorable, so theres no lasting effect relative to the dollars that youre putting into those incentive schemes. It just becomes a part of that pile of money that you find a way to spend every month and every year. (2) A Tough Incentive to Take Away: Beyond cashs poor ability to change behaviors, it actually can be harmful. In good economic times, when everyone is flush and goals are being reached, cash can be easy to give out, but when times are bad, and the cash goes away, employees will wonder where their money went. And studies show that they will consider it their money. Discontinuing a noncash incentive program has a considerably less negative impact on employee motivation than killing a cash program. (3) Buyers Remorse Affects Money Incentives: A family man receiving a cash award from his company is faced with a tough decision: Put the money in savings or a college fund, or use it to pay bills, or splurge on a family vacation or buy them something special. If he decides to splurge, he may regret the decision later on when a particularly large bill comes due. That quandary can have a negative effect on the overall quality of the award, an opportunity will be considered as wasted if the money is spent or saved. Many non-cash incentive awards are considered luxuries, and earning them through hard work can give employees a sense of achievement. (4) Low Trophy Value: Cash lacks trophy value and social reinforcement attributes that increase the perceived value of the non-cash award over cash, the trophy value associated with noncash incentives is just immense. An employee will always find it more pleasant to talk about a company all-expenses- paid trip, movie tickets or even a warm pad on the back from the boss, than a two hundred dollars bonus check. (5) Money Is Not Promotable: The trophy value associated with non-cash awards can have a positive effect on other employees who didnt reach their goals and take home the award. Its harder for the boss to say do better and you  will get a certain cash reward, than to advertise a position for the employee of the month award for example. Money is less promotable than other forms of motivation. (6) Cash Satisfies Needs-Not Wants: Cash is easy for companies to give away, and everybody needs it. But for true motivation, you need to give people something they want or desire, not something they need. A trip to Hawaii, on the other hand, generates memories, and a plasma-screen TV is something theyll look at every day for years to come-and remember how they got it, a hundred dollar bill gained for an extra ordinary selling week is soon not different from a hundred dollar bill received as wage. (7) Money Is Impersonal: Sure, everyone could use more money, but whats special about that? The best rewards cater to a particular groups interests, and having that personal edge makes a big difference in how effective your program will be. (8) One Size Doesnt Fit All: There are no average employees, average has become wider and wider around the means over the past few years, and will continue to do so. So one really cant provide one option and think that its going to be appealing or motivating to the entire staff. (9) Managers Prefer Noncash: A recent study of 235 managers by the Forum for People Performance Management and Measurement showed that managers prefer non-cash employee recognition programs. According to the study, managers view non-cash awards as more important, more effective and generally superior for achieving the majority of specific organizational objectives. (10) No Global Parity: In economic terms, its called purchasing power parity, which means, roughly, that the cost of living-everything from the price of a nice dinner for two to a months rent-can be vastly different in different parts of the world. Companies with worldwide footprints need to make sure their award offerings are equal on a global scale. A dollar, after all, goes a lot farther in some corners of the world than in others. Non-cash awards such as gift cards allow companies to offer parity in terms  of the overall worth of the award. (11) Money Is Insufficient for Some Employees: in addition for the individual idiosyncrasies of individual employees, money may not be sufficient for some people. Highly paid employees for example may prefer other benefits such as an award ceremony, a club membership, a parking space closer to the office†¦(12) Evaluation of Performance: its hard to put a price tag on performance. Even clear rules, such as: sell x items and y dollars, may be seen as unfair. Employees may complain about their store location, their shifts, and their managers†¦ to give an unfair flavor to a peers bonus. Non-cash motivators are less likely to be thoroughly criticized and have a greater motivational value. (13) A Trouble Maker: money may set employees against each other, leading to conflict in the company. Employees may also feel forced to compete and thus Money becomes a fosterer of a hostile work environment rather than a motivational tool. (C) Research Study results:Several research studies were done on the effects of money as a motivator, and its position relative to other motivational incentives. The results of a NOVA Group study under the title Factors employees Find Motivating re affirmed several previous studies in which employees ranked money as fifth among motivation factors. Money was proceeded by: Interesting Work, Appreciation and Recognition, Feeling of being in on things, and Job Security. A more recent study on done by the Hay Group on retention factors found that money ranked a staggering tenth among employee retention factors. A research study for 57 managers conducted by Meudell Rodham showed through analysis of questionnaires that managers saw an increase in performance among their employees for an average of just two weeks after a pay raise followed by a relapse into the prior performance levels. Several other research papers we saw which conduct research on the effects of money as a motivator on employees of various professions showed similar results. Although the position of cash as motivator varied slightly among different working groups, it still showed that money has limited motivational power. For example In a much publicized study, Gupta and her colleagues analyzed thirty-nine studies conducted over four decades and found that cold-hard cash motivates workers as expected, but the research team acknowledges that money is not the only thing that concerns employees, noting that beyond a certain point higher salaries will make employees happier, but it will not buy better performance. III- Interviews, Analysis and Findings(A) The interviewsIn the process of researching the motivational power of money, we were lucky to interview two prominent managers:†¢Mr. Sami Gheriafi , Process and Institutional Planning Manager -AUB†¢Dr. Saad Andary , Deputy General Manager -BBAC BankAs a basis for the interviews, we prepared a questionnaire to address all the questions that were raised during our review of literature. Through out the interviews many more clarifying questions were asked, the end result was put into a QA format, and both interviews are posted in the annex at the end of the paper. (B) Interviews analysisIt was striking how the answers of two managers from two different organizations overlapped in key issues. Of course one will find differences in some approaches, but the overlap in addition to the findings we uncovered in our literature review gave us confidence in our results. Both managers gave non-monetary forms of motivation priority over money. Whether sending over-performers out of the country for advanced training to show the organizations commitment in improving their career opportunity, or verbal and written appreciation, non-monetary motivators were found to be superior. Empowerment, delegation of authority and freedom of decision are also very important tools used in the organizations to motivate employees. On the other hand, and in compliance with our research, both managers agreed that money is important especially in a region under economic stress, but  they also argued against using it primarily. Dr. Saad Andary noted that money according to his experience may play a good role as a retention factor, noting the huge pay gap between Lebanon and the Gulf, but he doesnt consider it as motivating. Both Mr. Sami Gheriafi and Dr. Saad Andary also indicated that money has a timed impact that is they as managers notice an increase in performance whe n a monetary reward is handed out, but this increase tend to dwindle down as the raise is spent. Non-monetary motivators tend to have a longer lasting effect on performance. On the use of money, Dr. Saad Andary pointed out that in current economic conditions, money is the managements easy way out, and even though both managers disagreed on managements ability to put a financial tag on performance, both agreed that it is not productivity that should be an issue, but also commitment to work, enthusiasm and the feeling of belonging to the company that should matter to managers. Money has a tempting impact on new comers; it refreshes the employees and energizes their performance; is an expected part of the motivational basket and if used properly and in an accurate sense will boost performance in times when a push is needed. But the use of money has its negative side as well. Money has shorter lasting effect on employees, it is less effective with employees higher up in the organizational hierarchy, money is also coupled with the firms profitability rather the employees performance in a sense that a hard working employee may not get a raise because the firm is not profitable that year, a thing which will discourage the employee especially if in more profitable years less effort lead to more money. Money also will put a huge financial burden on the company especially when employees begin to see bonuses and raises as part of their pay, they will grow more dependent on monetary rewards and this will produce a high employee turnover rate and a decrease in performance. Money, and depending on the management approach, might easily become a tool for manipulation rather than motivation. For these reasons Dr. Saad Andary forecasts that management will try to limit the negativities of money as a motivator by making reward more institutionalized, in a sense that staff will become shareholders and be granted stocks rather than raises. This will give rise to a partnership between the staff and the firm, the employees will no longer feel as pones moved by management, but rather  they will develop a genuine sense of belonging, and a true interest in the well being of the organization. IV- Conclusion: Money as a MotivatorAll the popular motivation theories have their flaws and detractors, but they do give us an insight into some of the mechanisms at work in day-to-day organizational life. A number of key messages ring true: firstly, people are not automatons and their reasons for behaving in a certain way are more complex than just money or laziness. Secondly, different people are motivated differently there is no such thing as a simple, all-encompassing solution. Thirdly, its important to get the work environment right if you want to get the most from people; and finally, managing perceptions and expectations is very important if you want to help people get the most from their work. As a summary, Money is found not to be a default and automatic motivator, its importance is subjective and its effectiveness in motivating is relative to the type of job and the way management uses it, non-monetary motivational approaches are superior in many ways (as explained above) . So if we want to finish up with one message we think that the best conclusion might be Avoid the Cash Trap. V-Annex(A) Dr. Saad Andary interview1)What are the motivation techniques followed in your Institution?What is the role of money in the above techniques?†¢One major form of motivation is to send staff out for training ( specially out of the country : New York, London); this is major motivating because it enhances the employee career and gives exposure to more advanced markets ( only the outstanding people are selected) . The other form of motivation is to promote and to empower the staff (to give him the freedom of decision). Money incentives: an environment which is under economic stress with high unemployment and depressed salaries and wages and also coupled with price inflation required to have constant individual raises , although this does not compensate to the huge job pricing differential between Lebanon and the Gulf); so money plays the role of retaining employees here and not motivating. 2)Do you think Money is the easy way out?†¢In our environment, yes it is, until we have sufficient economic growth to benefit from the oil boom. 3)How can you put a price tag on performance?†¢The appraisals to be reflected in the annual raises. BBAC is an institution working in the financial market where jobs can be easily assessed and priced (especially jobs related to sales, dealing, treasury, marketing†¦) where the management can pinpoint revenues or loss leading to the evaluation of the employee performance. 4)Do you notice an increase in performance after a money raise (bonus, financial reward)? And how long does it last?†¢It gives an immediate improvement in performance and lasts until the raise fade according to its amount (depend on the value of the reward). The bad thing about this is that: if its regular bonus or reward then its no longer conceived as merit where it becomes more as a salary = thats why a money raise cant be that effective motivator to count on. 5)From your experience, how did the concept Money as a Motivator develop through the past years? And where do you see it going?†¢In the banking industry : money became a norm ( bonus at end of the year for example) which is reflected by the profit of the form , so staff is identified with the concept of the profitability = there is functional relationship between money as motivator and profitability . See it going : towards becoming more institutionalized , in the sense that staff will become share holders (partners) ; employees will not be granted money but stocks which is a way of partnership that involves the staff in ownership = develops sense of belonging and last relation of employees with the firm. 6)What are the positive/negative aspects in using money as motivator (conflicts and competition between employees)?†¢ Positive: refresh the employees and energize their performance (although for just a period of time). Negative: money is coupled with the firm profitability and not directly related to the employee performance and results; the criteria set  for the rewards are not usually clear and standardized; decreases the sense of belonging towards the firm. 7)Doesnt money trivialize work and weaken sense of belonging?†¢Yes, money trivialize work and stock option can be the right alternative for improving sense of belonging8)Money: Motivation or Manipulation?†¢Money is recognition of the surplus created by the staff; cant be considered fully motivation or manipulation. 9)What is your conclusion (experience personal opinion) about Money as a Motivator†¢Money cant be used as a direct and effective motivator due to several constraints mentioned above. (B) Mr. Sami Gheriafi interview1)What are the motivation techniques followed in your Institution?†¢It is at the discretion of the managers of each department to use various techniques to motivate employees. Among many, there is empowerment, delegation of authority, added responsibility commensurate with seniority and financial incentives, promotions, commitment to employee professional development (mostly through training and development of talent, skills and competencies), and appreciation either verbally or in writing (aka psychological support) or, as specific to AUB, attainment of Presidents Service Excellence Award, an annual award given to employees with exceptional and superior customer service and notable productivity over the prior 3 years. My personal experience has led me to the following equation Productivity = Satisfaction x Appreciation. What is the role of money in the above techniques?†¢Money is a major motivator, however, in my opinion it has a times impact! By virtue of human nature, people tend to feel motivated with money, but after a short period of time, usually not more than 3 6 months, people tend to forget about the financial increase. The money reward will certainly help improving the employees performance in the short term, but its impact will fade out as time passes. 2)Do you think Money is the easy way out?†¢The use of easy way out is a bit  on the negative side, as when you refer to a situation where people circumvent a process or get a way with minimal loss or damage. On the other hand, Money has a strong buy-in and buy-out impact in that it elevates the level of personal satisfaction notwithstanding the longer term fading effect. Money losses its value with time and so does the money based motivation techniques. 3)How can you put a price tag on performance?†¢In financial terms, No! However, performance is measured in productivity of an individual. If the individual is satisfied with the job responsibilities and is being appreciated (both soft and hard), the performance is priced and reflected by commitment to work, enthusiasm, and personal ownership (not physical but psychological). 4)Do you notice an increase in performance after a money raise (bonus, financial reward)? And how long does it last?†¢Performance increase is always noticed after a financial reward. What I would like to point at is that the financial reward should be the consequence not the pre-requisite for an improved or increased performance. In my business life, I have seen many people who work and enjoy what they do with lesser amount of money, but have a great working atmosphere and very appreciative bosses. 5)From your experience, how did the concept Money as a Motivator develop through the past years? And where do you see it going?†¢From what I have seen in the past +15 years, money may have a tempting impact on a new employee or a new comer, but as time passes, and as people grow in hierarchy and mature on the personal level, the more motivating is the work responsibilities, assignments, business setting, atmosphere, stability of the organization, etc. and this is where the motivation is heading. In some cases, money becomes a way to walk out when an offer is made! If the business setup, setting, culture, modus operandi is not appealing, people might not want to burn bridges by refusing an offer, but might as well increase their expectation to a higher level that the employer might and/or will not be able to afford. 6)What are the positive/negative aspects in using money as motivator (conflicts and competition between employees)?†¢ Absolute use of money as a motivator has significant negative impact on the employee and the organization equally. The organizations operating budget will inflate with sky rocketing salary budgets and employees will be heavily dependant on monetary rewards. There will be a high employee turnover, resultant reduced productivity, resultant impact on the organizations turnover, etc. This is a vicious cycle. †¢The basket of motivational techniques, including financial reward, is a healthy approach to the organization and the employee. Both will benefit from what each party will give to the other. Organizations will receive productivity, commitment, ownership, improvement on the part of the employee who in return will also enjoy the basket of appreciation, work atmosphere, investment in his/her professional development, etc. This is what I call a win-win approach. 7)Doesnt money trivialize work and weaken sense of belonging?†¢Yes, sometimes it does. 8)Money: Motivation or Manipulation?†¢Again, the answer depends on the approach. In absolute term of motivation, money will be manipulative. 9)What is your conclusion (experience personal opinion) about Money as a Motivator†¢Money is one of the motivating factors, but certainly not THE motivator. There are more for people to receive from organizations than money. Let us remember that people make money not the other way around. References http://www.forexprofitingpro.com/sites/ldintino/_files/Image/MoneyGlobeOnFinger.JPGClarifying moneys role in motivating- Lynn W. Robbins University of Kentucky- Journal of Food Distribution ResearchGetting more bang for your buck- Martin Price is the director of HR Equations Ltd- employment today NOVEMBER 2005Motivating the work force (chapter ten) McGraw -Hill/IrwinMoney not the motivator The Herald Sun Thursday, 08 December 2005Money can be a big demotivator- John Fisher, Managing director,